Juan Rodriguez C essays

Juan Rodriguez C papers The notoriety of California just like a spot to cast off suppositions and attempt various things seems to have started from its most punctual days. By considering the person who found San Diego, we see endurance, assurance, and the craving to forge ahead, discover achievement, and to amplify chances to their fullest. Harking back to the 1540s there was a Portuguese pioneer and fighter by the name of Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo (?- 1543). He was known as a talented sailor and guide. Today, Cabrillo popular for being the man who found San Diego Bay on September 28, 1542. Inside the meaning of The California Dream, lay open doors for progress, notwithstanding, there are numerous fixings that factor into accomplishing this Dream. Being eager to acknowledge openings, difficulties, and thoughts, (for example, Cabrillo acknowledged when provided the order to investigate the northwestern most piece of Mexico ), the use of man-made and normal assets, and time and area, are only a couple of the components that are fundamental in characterizing the California Dream. The mix of these fixings alongside the assurance for progress and absence of dread of-disappointment, can now and then make The Dream-reality. FAMILY NAME APPARENTLY NOT A RESOURCE Cabrillo had the vital elements for progress. Accepted to have been conceived in Portugal, however it isn't sure where, he lived the vast majority of his life in the Spanish New World states. Dr. Joan Jensen, an individual from the Cabrillo Historical Society and previous teacher of U.S. history at California Western University, visited Portugal twice to check whether she could get the hang of something about the origin of Cabrillo. The consequence of her guided fourteen day trek yielded some noteworthy disclosures, Nobody knows precisely where Cabrillo originated from or where he got his name-couldn't locate some other Cabrillo in Spain in the late fifteenth century or in Portugal either. Certain spots... <!

Seamus Heaney :: Writers Poets Poetry Essays

Seamus Heaney Seamus Heaney was conceived in April 1939 in Northern Ireland. His dad possessed and worked fifty sections of land of farmland in County Derry in N.I. Patrick Heaney had consistently been focused on steers managing. Seamus’ guardians passed on very right off the bat in his life thus his uncle needed to fare thee well of him from that point on. Heaney grew up as a nation kid and went to the nearby grade school. At the point when he was twelve he won a grant to St. Columb’s College, a catholic life experience school arranged in the city of Derry. Heaney moved to Belfast later in his life where he lived for fifteen years and afterward moved to the republic. Since 1982 he made yearly visits to America to instruct and from that point forward he began composing his sonnets. Heaney’s first sonnet was called ‘Digging’. The points of this paper are to think about two of Seamus Heaneys’s sonnets which manage the topic of adolescence. The two sonnets are called ‘The Early Purges’ and ‘Mid-Term Break’. The importance of the title ‘The Early Purges’ is that it illuminates us about what occurs during the sonnet and it mentions to us what the subject of the sonnet is. The sonnet goes straight into what it is about and it is put together the demise of animals with respect to a ranch and is exposed to two people’s assessments over the murdering of the creatures. The sonnet is equivocal what's more, unexpected with a violent tone to it in light of its inside and out depiction of the demise. The sonnet has seven three line refrains called tercets, and each line holds five to ten words keeping the sonnet simple to peruse all through. Heaney has decided to utilize this verse structure and line length in light of the fact that it develops strain and keeps you in tension. It is likewise simpler to digest in little verses and I think he has done this for us to get the full impact of the sonnet. There is a rhyme conspire in the sonnet yet is split into para-rhymes since it gives a stream to the sonnet and handles the perusers consideration completely through. Seamus Heaney utilizes bunches of symbolism in this sonnet to get the peruser to truly envision how the animals were treated on the ranch. Heaney makes reference to a line that Dan Taggart had said on the ranch. â€Å"Like wet Gloves† Dan had thought they seemed as though wet gloves when they were being suffocated. Additionally while Heaney had watched the cats suffocate, he said that he had watched them â€Å"Turn coarse and fresh as old summer dung†. As should be obvious, again how Heaney misrepresents on the executing of

Nora Ephron and Literary Moms

Nora Ephron and Literary Moms A few weeks ago, on Mothers Day, I read a beautiful essay in the New Yorker titled My Friends Moms, by Rivka Galchen. In the piece, Galchen reflects on the mothers of her childhood friends that made a particular impact on her growing up and whose lessons she still uses today. She concludes: There are mothers…and then there are moms: the mothers of other people in our lives…I think about these moms of mine every third day or so. And very occasionally I think even of the moms like this who I didnt know, and dont know, and then I have a sense, briefly, of the world as almost supernaturally cluttered, and good. I have lots of moms, too. Mostly I have one great mother, but my life is full to brimming with women who have shaped me. Because of them, I know to always twist the curling iron away from my face, and that the older you get the less you should use powder. I know to sip Diet Coke to ease a stomachache, and I know that the only cure for period cramps is to be cranky for a while. I know the stretches to do after a long run, I know how to roast vegetables in olive oil, and I know the things that boyfriends never do if they really love you. But when I read Galchens piece, I wasnt just thinking about my litany of real-life moms. I was thinking about my literary moms, too: women whose words stick with me just as much, who have contributed to the way I write the way my other moms have to the way I live. Women whose ranks I want, more than anything, to join: people like Joan Didion and Rebecca Solnit, but first and foremost and most of all, Nora Ephron. Ive written about my feelings for Nora Ephrons work before, but that was before I read her novel Heartburn, published in 1983. The book follows Rachel Samstat, a cookbook writer who is seven months pregnant with her second child when her husband tells her hes in love with somebody else. The story follows Rachel from Washington, D.C. to New York City and back again as she reevaluates love and marriage, and the difference between who she is and who she thought she might become. Like most of Ephrons books, Heartburn was probably intended to be read by women older than me. But reading it was like storing away something your mom says for later use, Its an intimate, desperately funny story, the heartbreak of Ephrons own life layered beneath her signature wit. (Ephron, when later asked if her husband was angry with her for using their marriage as novel fodder, replied What did he think was going to happen?) I consider Ephron one of my literary moms because she is one of those writers who always makes me feel a little better about the scary things growing up, moving out, the giant faceless blur that is my future. In her novels and essays, even deep sadness is always a little silly, a little ridiculous. You just have to laugh. When Galchen expressed her vision of a maternal world, supernaturally cluttered and good, I thought immediately of Ephrons world. Its  When Harry Met Sally,  but its also  Heartburn: sometimes sparkly and safe, sometimes not so much, but always with a soft place to land. What made the experience of reading  Heartburn  even better was that despite the classically mom-y aspects the pregnant protagonist, the recipes woven into the narrative, the wry observations about adulthood Rachels development is largely that of  a woman trying to decide who she is without other people. She spends so many years being insecure in her relationships, her career, and her city, that her ultimate decision to start over feels like a much-needed coming of age. It was comforting to me to know that Rachel could find herself at 38, and that Ephron could find herself into her fifties. That lesson, too, I could store away for when I need it. In one of my favorite passages from the book, Rachels doctor asks her if she believes in love. It triggers a flurry of contradictory thought that concludes with this: Sometimes I believe that love is essential, and sometimes I believe that the only reason love is essential is that otherwise you spend all your time looking for it. Rachel then turns back to her doctor and tells him yes, she believes in love. This passage, like several others in Heartburn,  rings with authenticity, as if they were Ephrons thoughts that simply needed to be put in Rachels head before they could be expressed.  Whats so wonderful about Ephron is that she was never afraid to be totally candid with her readers. Her pain, her embarrassment, it was all was fair game, because it wasnt just hers. It could be someone elses, too; and thats worth it. Rachel believes in a lot of things, not just love. She also believes in eating mashed potatoes when youre blue, and, refreshingly, in self-preservation. And she believes, just like your moms told you, that despite everything, it will all be okay in the end. And it will. Also In This Story Stream View all heartburn posts-->

machiavelli Essay - 880 Words

The Church accused Niccolo Machiavelli of being Satan for writing his book The Prince. Machiavelli completed The Prince in 1513. He wrote it as a gift to Lorenzo Medici, called the Magnificent, ruler of Florence. The political views Machiavelli expressed in his book went against the theology of the Church, specifically the Ten Commandments and the Beatitudes. Machiavelli wrote to gain control of a principality one must be brutal. (I)f you are a prince in possession of a newly acquired state and deem it necessary. . . to annihilate those who can or must attack you. . . . , you must do so to protect your principality. He gave the example of Duke Valentinos slaying of his nobles to maintain order, saying if Valentino had not killed his†¦show more content†¦The prince can pledge one thing under certain circumstances; but if those circumstances change, he is free to change his pledge if the change should benefit his situation. For instance, Pope Alexander VI, who reigned before Machiavelli wrote The Prince, made promises more persuasively or swore to them more solemnly and kept so few of them . . . . Pope Alexander VI also got what he wanted by deceiving others. The Beatitudes say those who desire righteousness will be filled; those who are pure of heart will see God. Righteousness and purity do not occur through deception. The ninth of the Ten Commandments says You shall not give false testimony against your neighbor, meaning do not lie. Matthew, the first book of the New Testament, says Do no break your oath . . . . The Church had good reason to disagree with Machiavelli about craftiness. Nobility for princes can be seen as one of two ways: generous or parsimonious. If a prince is generous, his generosity usually comes at the expense of his subjects. The prince would have to tax his people heavily in order to give. This will begin to make him odious to his subjects and . . . will lose him the respect of everyone. For a prince to give money, he need not tax his people, rather give what he pillaged and stole while on various campaigns. If a prince is stingy with the peoples money, he will not tax as much; thus, his subjects will honor himShow MoreRelated Machiavelli Essay1597 Words   |  7 Pages quot;The term Machiavellian refers to someone who is unscrupulous, cunning, cynical, and unprincipledquot;(Goods 1998). Many scholars agree that this particular adjective would have dismayed Niccolo Machiavelli, the man from whom the term is derived. In reality he has been attributed as being one of the brightest lights of the Italian Renaissance through his works as not only a writer, but also as an influential philosopher of history and political thought. His most famous work The Prince hasRead MoreThe Machiavelli And Machiavelli s The Prince2348 Words   |  10 PagesI have always found great interest in the infamous Niccolo Machiavelli and his ways of thinking; my eye was drawn to him long befor e I knew I would be studying at Colorado State and even before I had any interest in politics. It was from young man know as Tupac Shakur, and let me tell you it is great to finally understand who Machiavelli is and the things he has done for the outlook on politics after hearing about how much respect and praise he got from the iconic rapper of the 1990s. In this paperRead MorePrinciples Of Machiavelli1615 Words   |  7 PagesIn the 16th century Niccolo Machiavelli presented Lorenzo de Medici with his most prized possession, â€Å"The Prince†. At this time, it was custom to present the prince with your most prized possession, in order to gain their friendship. Machiavelli spent much time studying past rulers and wrote â€Å"The Prince† in which he describes how one acquires and maintains power. At the time, The Prince was not well accepted as it went perceived to go against the Catholic Church. However, today the prince has beenRead MoreMachiavelli as a Humanist188 6 Words   |  8 Pageswho is concerned with the interests and welfare of humans. Niccolo’ Machiavelli can be thought of as a humanist. Although opinions on this differ greatly depending on whom you speak with. Machiavelli’s life consists of so many examples and lessons that he has learned throughout his life. Through my paper, I intend to examine his perception of morality based on his political writings and life experiences. Niccolo’ Machiavelli was born on May 3, 1469 and died in 1527. Although we do not knowRead MoreAnalysis Of Machiavelli774 Words   |  4 PagesChasity L Wireman Dr. Michael A. Lazarus HIS 102-W1: Western Civilization II 10/25/2017 There are many reasons why Machiavelli is widely considered the beginner of modern political thought, one of the many is he studied strictly the politicians, and businessmen. Machiavelli recognized the political playing field as a vile place only for the most dominating and cunning of political giants. One of Machiavelli’s most famous work, On Principalities, or known by the other title, The PrinceRead More Machiavelli Essay1438 Words   |  6 Pagesnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Niccolo Machiavelli, one of the great political minds of the 15th century, accomplished what many mathematicians today only dream of, having one’s name used as an adjective. To be Machiavellian is to demonstrate characteristics of expediency, deceit, and cunning and as Machiavelli wrote in, The Prince, these are the qualities of a great leader. The Prince was published in 1531, creating great controversy with other political thinkers of the time. Machiavelli completely ignored theRead MoreThe Relat ionship Between Machiavelli And Machiavelli s The Prince1075 Words   |  5 Pagesand turmoil, philosophers are able to give their critiques on government and human nature as a whole. Socrates and Machiavelli, both philosophers in what it means to be a proper leader and the role of the people within a society, share contrasting views. Machiavelli, alive during the time of great political turmoil in Italy, is immortalized through his writings in The Prince. Machiavelli was able to use what the political shortcomings he witnesses during his time period as a guide to deciphering theRead MoreThe Prince, By Machiavelli1517 Words   |  7 PagesIn The Prince, Machiavelli doesn’t hesitate to recommend that a ruler employ conventionally immoral methods against his own subjects to maintain authority over them, but he does imply that whatever a ruler does should ultimately benefit the community. A Prince’s actions may be cruel, manipulative, or otherwise immoral, but they put him in the position to govern. On occasion, Machiavelli even suggests that gaining power through immoral acts is the best way to improve a community because immoralityRead MoreThe Prince By Niccolo Machiavelli1472 Words   |  6 PagesPrince by: Niccolo Machiavelli really tries and is successful at dividing politics and ethics to decipher the characteristics of a good and bad political/government ruling leader in this novel. In this reading, I seen 5 points that Machiavelli talked about, and those were: Free Will, Being Hated vs Goodwill, Virtue, A Good Military, and finally Human Nature. These are a necessity to the recipe that Machiavelli is making in this book. In the first few chapters of the book, Machiavelli begins to talkRead More Machiavelli And Plato Essay1564 Words   |  7 Pages Niccolio Machiavelli (Born May 3rd, 1469 amp;#8211; 1527 Florence, Italy.) His writings have been the source of dispute amongst scholars due to the ambiguity of his analogy of the amp;#8216;Nature of Politics; and the implication of morality. The Prince, has been criticised due to itamp;#8217;s seemingly amoral political suggestiveness, however after further scrutiny of other works such as The Discourses, one can argue that it was Machiavelliamp;#8217;s intention to infact imply a positive

Poems Family and Gary Soto - 926 Words

For this paper I will be discussing three poems. They are Wood Butcher by Norman Hindley, Behind Grandma s House by Gary Soto, and Manners by Elizabeth Bishop. I will be examining the common theme I found throughout the three poems. I found that to be how the relatives teach lessons to their relation of a younger generation and the different approaches to their teaching. To start off I will discuss the Wood Butcher by Norman Hindley. I believe the way the father taught the son was some what like an apprenticeship. The line I was your helper, and that first year We worked weekends through most of winter gave me the impression that it was a watch and learn experience rather than explaining it. Take note of how the father†¦show more content†¦The grandpa told the grandson exactly how to act. He said Always offer a ride and sure enough he invited the next person he saw up. The grandpa was not a hypocrite at all during this poem. I personally think that makes a huge diffe rence in the rate in which the grandson picks up these manners. He begins to use words like we and our to show that he was doing as he s grandfather was. Out of all the poems I believe this non-violent approach was the most effective. Maybe the others worked in the end, but the poem didn t state it as specifically as this one did. In conclusion, Wood Butcher by Norman Hindley, Behind Grandma s House by Gary Soto, and Manners by Elizabeth Bishop all had a common theme. I found that to be how the relatives teach lessons to their relation of a younger generation and the different approaches to their teaching. They each had their own teaching method and some may have appeared to work better than others. In the end the older relative was always trying to get some type of messageShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Poem Oranges And Small Town With One Road 1372 Words   |  6 Pagespassion, prior experience and multiple outer influences. Gary Soto is a famous poet who blossomed in t he late 20th century. Soto used different variations of poetry tools to create expressive poems based on his own life experience. While Soto wrote many different poems, the poems â€Å"Oranges† and â€Å"Small Town With One Road† stand out and can be deeply analyzed. Both poems are strongly emphasized with his past experiences in life. Gary Soto writes poems about hope, diversity and harshness of life, becauseRead MoreGary Soto And The David Soto1376 Words   |  6 PagesMarch 2017 Gary Soto Poet, author, and filmmaker Gary Soto did not always have an interest in literature. In fact, he wasn t interested in learning about literature until his college years, when Soto took a look at a poetry anthology while pushing off a research paper (Fabiano 279). According to author Charles Tatum, Soto grew up in Fresno, California with his two parents and two siblings. He also lived a childhood filled with sadness, loneliness, and poverty. (Tatum Vol. 1). Gary Soto got past hisRead MoreGary Soto1452 Words   |  6 PagesFinal Essay: Gary Soto Gary Soto, born on April 12th, 1952 is a proud Mexican-American that grew up in a very low class neighborhood in Fresno, California with both of his parents (Gillespie, Becker 100). Soto exclaimed that he was marginal kid; this means that he could have either ended up in prison or easily graduate from college. He put forth more effort in other things than school, such as girls or work. As a child and teen Mr. Soto was never interested in his schooling but he tried hisRead MoreSaturday at the Canal Analysis743 Words   |  3 Pagesthis. The years frozed as we sat in the bank. Our eyes followed the water, While-tipped but dark underneath, racing out of town. Connotation- The symbolic choice of choosing Saturday, as the day in the poem, makes me think that the poet wants to give an extra to the poem. Saturday is the day that is culturaly used to party out and have fun, but this teenagers, are not. The poet gives you a sensation of lonelyness. Also, the phrase used, by the poet San Francisco was a postcard on aRead MoreOranges by Gary Soto Essay653 Words   |  3 PagesOranges By Gary Soto Gary Soto was born April 12, 1952, in Fresno, California to Mexican-American parents. His grandparents emigrated from Mexico during the Great Depression and found jobs as farm laborers. Soto grew up poor in the San Joaquin Valley and learned that hard work pays off through chores, such as moving lawns, picking grapes, painting houses, and washing cars. When Gary was five his father died as the result of a factory accident, and his mother was left to raise her threeRead MoreGary Soto s The San Joaquin Valley2143 Words   |  9 PagesLiterature Ms. Brown December 20th 2016 Gary Soto â€Å"Gary Soto was born in Fresno, California, in April, 1952, to working-class Mexican-American parents. At a young age, he worked in the fields of the San Joaquin Valley. He was not academically motivated as a child, but became interested in poetry during his high school years.† Soto uses his cultural experiences lead him to write about his character how he does and throughout all of his short stories, books, and poems he adds in Spanish words, to show usRead MoreAnalysis Of Grandma s House 1332 Words   |  6 Pagesinclude changing the way that they dress, the foods that they eat or the way that they act. In Gary Soto’s Behind Grandma’s House the main character is a clear example of this. The main character is not only trying to conform to a new social group but is also doing so against the wishes of his family. Conforming is always difficult but it can be made even more difficult but, as illustrated in Soto’s poem, if the familial support is not pr esent where it should be. Why do people insist on conformingRead MoreGary Soto : A Mexican American Author2038 Words   |  9 PagesCameron Ellis Ms. Brown 11th Lit/Comp 14 December 2016 Gary Soto: Gary Soto is a popular Mexican-American author, who uses his experiences and cultural background to tell stories. Soto effectively uses his cultural background, the importance of family, and experiences to tell stories in a way that readers can either relate to or vividly imagine. Over the course of his career, Soto has earned worldwide recognition and continues to serve as one of the main faces of international authors successRead MoreBlack Hair By Gary Soto And Between The World And Me1221 Words   |  5 PagesBlack Hair by Gary Soto and Between the World and Me by Ta-Nehisi Coates tell the stories of two authors who want to share their diverse experiences, but chose two very different ways to do so. In the poem Black Hair, Gary Soto uses imagery to show how he copes with the negativity in his life. In the novel, Between the World and Me, Ta-Nehisi Coates describes the injustice he has observed and been through in his life. Coates tries to pass on his story of injustice to his â €Å"body† to comfort his descendantsRead MoreImagery In Gary Sotos Small Town With One Road1070 Words   |  5 PagesThe poem, â€Å"Small Town with One Road,† by Gary Soto compares the life of the speaker from when he was a child to the life he has as an adult. The speaker of the poem is a Mexican who lives in a poor town where many of the people do manual labor to earn their income. At this point he is grown and has a daughter, but is in a town that reminds him of his childhood. Here, he describes the happy children in the neighborhood to the hard life he imagines he would have if he stayed in such a town in his adulthood

Influence of Culture in Marketing Free Essays

string(108) " need to be completed, who has access to specific goods and knowledge, what ranking strategy is being used\." How to define culture? Culture is a system of shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviors and artifacts that the members of society use to interact with their world and with one another. It is a combination of thoughts, feelings, attitudes, beliefs, values, and behavior pattern that are shared by racial, religious, ethnic or social group of people. Anthropologist James Spradley believes culture to be :†the acquired knowledge people use to interpret experience and generate behavior†. We will write a custom essay sample on Influence of Culture in Marketing or any similar topic only for you Order Now Culture can relate to a country (national culture), a part of a community (sub-culture) or an organization (corporate culture). It is widely known that a person is not born with a culture, and that culture is learned throughout a person’s life. Culture includes all that a person has learned regarding values and norms , customs and traditions, beliefs and religion, rituals and artefacts (tangible symbols representing culture such as Tokyo Tower or The Eiffel Tower).Usually people make assumptions about a person’s beliefs or behavior based on a single cultural indicator, especially race or ethnicity, when in reality, a person’s cultural identity is a complex interlace of all the cultural groups he/she belongs to, groups that influence his/her values, beliefs, and behaviors. Often culture is thought of as the food, the music, clothing and holidays a groups of people share, but it is much larger actually than just the visible traditions. I. Material and Imaterial culture Material culture refers to the actual cultural objects that are made by man whereas imaterial culture refers to cultural i deas, myths, stories, cultural attitudes and behaviors. „A difference in the speed of development of material culture might lead to a cultural lag where two parts of culture no longer correspond. † Material culture has two important components: technology and economy. Technology includes the techniques used in order to create material goods.The technological level varies and the society that belongs to a certain culture has a level of technological knowledge that manifests itself differently. Economics represents the manner in which people use their capacities in order to obtain benefits. Economics include the production of goods and services, distribution, consumption, exchange tools and the income obtained due to public services. The way in which people work and consumption, is mostly determined by technology. I. 3 Culture and NationA nation or even a certain country represents a political unit whereas culture refers first and foremost to groups of people united in common history, social life and ideas not necessarily organized in a national political unit. There can be different cultures in one nation. I. 4 Cultural identity All people are members of a cultural group, and develop cultural identities based on those memberships and influences. There is a strong and well-defined culturally sustaining connection between geographical place and cultural experience.This connections constituted one’s and one’s community’s cultural identity. Cultural identity development is an ongoing process, as we are exposed to more and different sets of beliefs and values, and may choose to adopt ones that were not part of our original upbringing. Cultural identity is built within the individual, but it is constantly influenced by the interactions among and between people in society. Cultural identity is formed by socio-cultural and historical perspectives that interact with psychological and intrapersonal characteristics so that all are present in learning.Culture is part of the external influences that have a great impact on the consumer. That means that culture is represented by the influences that are inflicted on the consumer by other individuals. Culture is a complex whole which includes the following elements: knowledge, belief, art, morals, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by a person, member of a society. I. 5 Dealing with culture Culture is a problematic issue for many marketers since it is inherently unclear and very often culture is difficult to understand. One may break the cultural norms of another country without being informed, and people from different cultures might feel uncomfortable in each other’s presence without knowing exactly why (for example, two speakers may unconsciously refer to one another with different honorifics). When observing a culture, an important issue to be careful about is not to over-generalize about traits that one observes in the respective culture. There are often significant individual differences between cultures. There is a tendency for people to stereotype cultures in a way or another (e. g. individualistic rather than collectivistic). I. Characteristics of culture Culture being a complex and important phenomena we can point out several characteristics of culture: †¢Culture is a human achievement (not of a single individual but of the whole social group) Social: it is a social heritage that an individual receives and at his turn must transmit. Things that are private are not part of culture. Laborious: culture is intricate and rich in detail therefore it has to be possessed with much personal effort. One has to learn the language, support the present type of government and understand and reinterpret the scientific method for every generation. †¢Culture is comprehensiveAll parts must fit together, having a certain logic. For example, bowing and the strong desire to avoid embarrassment (Japan) are unified in their manifestation of the importance of respect †¢Regarding its form, culture is sensible, dynamic and creative Culture is sensible because all the manifestations even the most spiritual is percepti ble to the senses, as poetry and music, it is dynamic since it is in continuous development and transformation, following the nature of the social groups that may be in process of expansion or contradiction, and it is creative because it represents an authentic product of a person’s mind and thoughts.I. 7 Elements of culture The elements of culture are represented by the things that all cultures have in common. †¢Social Organization Social Organization means organizing a culture’s members into smaller groups such as: families, friends, religious groups, social classes, occupation, interest groups, etc. Social organization of a group includes how people interact, the kinship systems they use, marriage residency patterns, how they divide up the various tasks that need to be completed, who has access to specific goods and knowledge, what ranking strategy is being used. You read "Influence of Culture in Marketing" in category "Papers" Customs and traditions The customs and traditions of a culture are represented by the rules of behavior, written or unwritten. Groups have their own traditions . They are a specific practice of long standing or an inherited pattern of thought or action. †¢Language Language is a system of signs that is seen as having itself a cultural valu e. Speakers identify themselves and others through their use of language; they view their language as a symbol of their social identity.The prohibition of its use is often perceived by its speakers as a rejection of their social group and their culture. Language symbolizes cultural reality. Language is the main feature of a culture or a society. Language reflects the nature and the values of a culture. Learning the language of a society contributes to understanding the respective society. †¢Law and Politics As with many aspects of Terpstra and Sarathy’s Cultural Framework, the underpinning social culture will drive the political and legal landscape. The political ideology on which the society is based will impact upon your decision to market there. For example, the United Kingdom has a largely market-driven, democratic society with laws based upon precedent and legislation, whilst Iran has a political and legal system based upon the teachings and principles Islam and a Sharia tradition. †¢Arts and literature. Aesthetics Aesthetics represents the ideas of a certain culture regarding beauty and taste the way these are represented in art, folklore, music, drama, dance, and the specific appreciation of shape and color.The international trader must have a special interest in aesthetics due to its role in interpreting the meaning of certain symbols, distinct methods of artistic expressions, of colors and beauty standards, regarding each culture. Art is a process of product of deliberately arranging elements in a way they affect the senses or emotions. It encompasses a diverse range of human activities including: music, film, lite rature, photography, sculpture and painting. Teaching art is equal to teaching about culture’s values, it helps promoting cultural pride and unity. Religion Religion is one of the most sensible elements of culture. Religion defines the lifetime ideals reflected through attitudes and society values. Religion is at the base of the cultural similarities between cultures that share the same religion. Religion like culture, consists of systematic patterns of beliefs, values, and behavior, acquired by people as a member if their society. These patterns are systematic because their manifestations are regular in occurrence and expression: they are shared by member of a group. Norms Norms are rules that recomand or forbid certain behaviours in specific situations. For example the way people dress in diferent conjunctures. †¢Values The values of a culture represent the beliefs and opinions regarding what is â€Å"good† or â€Å"bad† in human behaviour. Esencial values of a culture are the ones common in all its individuals. In marketing, the esencial values of a culture define the way in which products are seen, used and it represents the way in which relations are established on the market.Understanding cultural differences is critical to international business success. Dimensional models of culture try to explain the impact of different value systems on people’s perceptions of, and reactions towards certain events. Dimensional models of culture such as Hofstede’s (1980, 2005) five dimensional model and Fons Trompenaars and Charles Hampden-Turner’s (1997) seven dimensional model represent guidelines for expectations and behaviours during intercultural encounters. Hofstede’s (1980) model of national culture is widely used to identify such differences.The cultural dimensions identified in Hofstede’s model, however, are not gender-specific, with one exception, masculinity/femininity. Hofstede’s data were gathered in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Considerable change has taken place since that time, particularly in the areas of education, legislation, and workforce composition. It is proposed that these changes, among others, may have resulted in gender differences in dimensions of national culture. Hofstede’s research demonstrates a wide range between the most individualistic and collectivistic countries.I. 8 Hofstede’s dimensions. Gert Hofstede , a Dutch researcher, has conducted a research by interviewing a large number of IBM executives in various countries, and found out that cultural differences tended to center around five key dimensions: 1. Power Distance Index (PDI) The PDI represents the extent to which the less powerful members of organizations and institutions accept and expect that power is distributed unequally. This represents inequality (more versus less), but defined from below not from above.It indicates that a society’s level of inequality is supported by the followers as much as by the leaders. Power and inequality, are fundamental facts of any society, all societies are unequal, but some are more unequal than others. 2. Individualism (IDV) IDV represents the degree to which individuals are integrated into groups. On the individualist side there are societies in which the bond between individuals is loose: everyone is expected to take care of him/herself and his/her immediate family.On the collectivist side, we find societies in which people are integrated into strong cohesive in-groups, often extended families (with uncles, aunts and grandparents) from birth on. These in-groups continue to protect the individual in exchange for unquestioning loyalty. 3. Masculinity(MAS) Masculinity refers to the distribution of roles between genders which represents another fundamental issue for any society to which a range of solutions are found. IBM studies revealed that women’s values differ less among societies than men’s values. Men values from one country to another contain a dimension from very assertive and competitive and maximally different from women’s value on the other side, to modest and caring and similar to women’s value on the other. The assertive pole has been called â€Å"masculine† and the modest caring pole â€Å"feminine†. The women in feminine countries have the same modest, caring values as the men whereas in the masculine countries they are somewhat assertive and competitive, but not as much as the men, so that these countries show a gap between men’s values and women’s values. 4.Uncertainty Avoidance Index (UAI) UAI refers to a society’s tolerance for uncertainty and ambiguity. It shows to what extent a culture programs its members to feel either uncomfortable or comfortable in unstructured situations. Unstructured situations are new, unknown, surprising, and they differ from the usual. Uncertainty avoiding cultures, try to minimize the possibility of such situations by imposing strict laws and rules, safety and security measures, and on the philosophical and religious level by a belief in the absolute Truth; â€Å"there can be only one Truth, and we have it†.People in uncertainty avoiding countries are also more emotional, and motivated by inner nervous energy. The opposite type, uncertainty accepting cultures, are more tolerant of opinions that are different from what they are used to. There are as few rules as possible, and on the philosophical and religious level they are relativist and allow many currents to flow side by side. People within these cultures are more phlegmatic and contemplative, and not expected by their environment to express emotion 5. Long Term Orientation (LTO)LTO versus short-term orientation: this dimension was found in a study among students in 23 countries around the world, using a questionnaire designed by Chinese scholars. Value s associated with LTO are thrift and perseverance; values associated with Short Term Orientation are respect and tradition, fulfilling social obligations, and protecting one’s â€Å"face†. Trompenaar’s five cultural dimensions derive from different angles such as the attitude towards both time and environment, Trompenaars employed these five cultural dimensions relating them to the question of inter-personal relationships and work relates values. . Universalism versus Particularism In cultures with high universalism there is an emphasis on formal rules and contracts and to their application regardless of individual circumstances. In high particularism cultures the emphasis is on relationships and trust: rules may be bent to help a friend. 2. Communitarism versus Individualism In strongly communitarian cultures people regard themselves as belonging to a group, whereas in cultures with strong individualism people regard themselves as individuals. 3. Neutral versus emotionalA high neutral culture is one in which emotions are not readily expressed in interpersonal communication. In contrast, a high emotional culture is characterized by the free expression of emotions even in a business situation. 4. Specific versus Diffuse A specific culture is one in which a distinction is made between work and private life. In difuse cultures work and private life are closely linked and great deal of formality is maintained across a wide-range of social situations. 5. Achievement versus ascriptionAll societies accord some of their members more status than others, but the principle for doing so varies, An achievement oriented culture is one in which status is given to people on the basis of how well they have performed their tasks recently, their level of education and experience. In an ascription-oriented culture status is conferred on the basis of durable characteristics such as age, kiship, and gender therefore status differences are more pronounced. According to Trompenaars, these five value orientations greatly influence people’s ways of doing business.The following two tables represent an example of Hofstede’s and Trompenaar’s cultural dimensions. The first table, Table I, show Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner’s cultural dimensions for Anglo Nations, and the second table, Table II shows Hofstede’s country cultural dimensions. I. 9 Values and culture For some time it has been understood that different value orientations cause variations in preferences for products and brands. The values of the consumer and the marketer are defined by the culture they are from, despite the importance of understanding the value concept and culture. II. International market places II. 1 Globalization of markets and competition: Trade is becoming an increasingly global phenomena today. Many elements affect globalization and its impact on countries organizations and people. There are several reasons for this. The first primal reason for this is technological because of the improvement in transportation and communication opportunities today, and because of this, trade has become more practical. Thus, consumers and businesses now have access to the very best products from many different countries. Increasingly rapid technology lifecycles also increases competition among countries regarding the most innovative methods of production. In order to accommodate these realities, countries have taken increasing steps to promote global trade through agreements such as The General Treaty on Trade and Tariffs, and trade organizations such as World Trade Organization (WTO), North American Fee Trade Agreement (NAFTA), the European Union (EU) and The Agreement on the South Free Trade Area.The competitiveness of people and companies depend more and more on their ability to create new assets, attraction for foreign investment and the new trend in international migration as people seek a better life. These factors, when combined with a political capacity to adapt and change, are supplementary elements to be considered in the globalization debate. Beside these aspects there is a need to establish and promote international organizations which provide the necessary framework for globalization of business to take place.II. 2 Assessing Foreign Markets In general, when considering international/global marketing, an organization faces five major types of decision making. 1. Before expanding the organization’s operations in an international environment, one must determine whether the organization’s resources are compatible with the foreign market opportunities. 2. The second consideration that must be taken in account is the market selection decision, that is, which foreign market or markets to enter. 3.The third decision concerns the ways in which the organization decides to penetrate the selected market/markets and also the operational consideration in the attractive markets. 4. The fourth, the marketing mix decision, considers the appropriate product, promotion, price and distribution programs for the selected markets. 5. Finally the marketing organization decision determines the most suitable way for the organization to achieve and maintain control over its international business operations. Once a suitable market has been chosen to enter, the difficult task is to collect data related to the market otential and environmental forces of each culture. II. 3 International marketing strategies An organization working on an international market operates in an environment of opportunities and threats in which developing appropriate international marketing strategies is a necessity in order to be able to compete with other organizations while providing value to customers. In such circumstances the organization usually responds by developing new products or by adapting existing products to the needs of the customers and the international markets. International marketing means deciding which markets to enter and develop and the sequence and timing of enter international markets†. A very important issue is for the organization to decide on how to enter the international markets. Some businesses do not bother formulating strategies, they prefer to respond to situations as they arise. There are many real and significant advantages to having coherent and well-prepared strategies. Activities can be better coordinated, the resources are allocated efficiently, activities can be monitored and controlled.The clearer the strategy, the more obvious are the objectives that need to be reached for successful implementation. It is particularly important not to neglect strategy matters until forced to do so by an unexpected problem (loss of major customers, failure to penetrate the new market, etc) that indicates that the company’s current activities and approaches are inadequate. A company without a strategy is not well prepared to adapt its activities to meet the demands of rapid international environmental change. The process of formulating and implementing strategies can viewed as a continuous cycle.It begins with a statement of the mission of the business, its fundamental purpose, why it exists, and what it wishes to do. Resource planning is also important in setting up a strategy, the examination of available resources and the determination of additional resources necessary to attain the company’s objectives. Another important element that needs to be taken in consideration is risk assessment, relating the probabilities of the success of various courses of action to the company’s overall objectives and activities.An essential component of such an assessment is an analysis of the company’s assumptions about the stability and prospects of the markets in which it plans to operate. Risk assessment is important in order to minimize and p revent the risks of several projects failing at the same time. Budgeting is also an element to take in consideration, including both expenses and incomes for all of the markets the company expects to be involved in. Also operational plans for each component of the marketing mix should be drawn up. II. 4 International marketing environmentThe international marketing environment is a mix of demands and constrains which an organization faces as it tries to compete and grow. All marketing activities occur with legal, economic, cultural, political and other environments to which strategies and policies must relate. Marketers need to operate within the constrains of such an environment, and in the case of international marketing there will exist more than one environment constraining the company at a time. Identifying customer’s values in international markets requires a profound understanding of customer needs, many of which are influenced by culture. In the international marketing environment the organization might have a number of goals (for example the organization might attempt to position itself as a leader in the targeted market). Regarding objectives and targets the organization might want to set three or five year objectives which it considers achievable. Types of objectives to consider: †¢Maximizing the organization’s efficiency by removing internal and external impediments to international product-market development; †¢Standing out from existing and future competitors in selected international markets; †¢Long-term financial balanceAfter establishing opportunities on different markets, there are a few questions that should be asked: how to penetrate the respective markets? How to upgrade the position on the market? II. 5 Consumer behavior and culture Studying consumer behavior helps organizations and firms improve their marketing strategies by understanding problems such as: †¢The psychology of how consumers think, feel, reason and select between different alternatives †¢The psychology of how the consumer is influenced by his/her environment (culture, media, family, friends, education etc. †¢The behavior of consumers while shopping or making other marketing decisions †¢How consumers motivation and decision strategies differ between products that differ in their level of importance or interest that they entail for the consumer †¢How marketers can adapt and improve their marketing campaigns and marketing strategies to more effectively reach the consumer. Consumer behavior also represent â€Å"The study of individuals, groups, or organizations and the processes they use to select, secure, use and dispose of products, services, experiences, or ideas to satisfy needs and the impacts that these processes have on the consumer and society†.Consumer behavior occurs either for an individual or it can occur in the context of a group (e. g. entourage can influence the type of clothes one wears) or an organization (people on the job make decisions as to which products the firm should use). The use of marketing research in cross-cultural context is necessary in order to assist a marketer in reducing potential errors, especially those problems that might appear in cross-cultural research when testing the role that certain sociological constructs play in consumer behavior.Culture affects what people buy (local tastes, historical traditions, etc) when they buy (spending booms around national holidays), who does the purchasing (based on gender men or women), and the overall pattern of consumer buying behavior. According to Bennet and Blythe, culture affects consumer behavior in relation to: †¢Which consumer needs are felt more intensively †¢Which family member take which purchasing decisions †¢Attitudes towards foreign supplied products †¢The number of people who will purchase an item during the introd uctory phase of its life cycle †¢The segmentation of national marketsOn a larger level, cultural influences are evident in some aspects of a country’s demographic make-up and in authority and status system that emerge from management styles of companies. II. 6 International Marketing Mix When launching a product into a foreign market there is always the question one must ask: should the product/ service be standardized or adapted. A company can adopt to use a standardized marketing mix around the world or can choose an adapted marketing mix in each country. Basic marketing concepts explain that a company will sell more products if the company aims to meet the needs of the targeted market.In international markets, a company has to take in consideration the consumer’s cultural background, buying habits, levels of personal income, etc, in order to conceive a marketing mix program to suit the specific consumer’s needs. When it comes to standardization arguments suggest that if the company goes through the process of adapting the product to the local markets, the results will add to the overall cost of producing the product and this will result in weakening the brand on the global scale.In today’s world, consumers have more access to the international world, consumers communicate and shop internationally over the internet, this resulting in the world becoming a much smaller place. Taking this in consideration, there is no need to adapt products to local markets. Brands like Coca-Cola, Nike, Levis, are all successful brands where they have a standardized approach to their marketing mix, all these products are targeted at similar groups globally. There are many circumstances where a company will have to adapt its products and marketing mix to the local market and local consumer’s needs. McDonald’s is an international player however their burgers are adapted to local needs. In India where the cow is a sacred animal McDonald’s burgers are made from chicken or fish. In Japan burgers come with wasabi sauce and in Mexico burgers come with chilli sauce. Another example is of Coca-Cola, in some countries it tastes sweeter then in others because of costumers demands (Canada).Standardization is said to be better for a company because it reduces costs, however many companies will have to â€Å"think global but act local† if they want to successfully establish themselves in foreign markets. II. 6. 1 Influence of culture on product strategy There are a large variation of decisions regarding the product, the brand, the wrapping, the tag, bails and services offered and positioning. Regarding the product itself the most important characteristics influenced by culture are the ones regarding product proportions, shape, the content of the roduct, quality, methods of usage, colors. The size, the capacity or volume of the product is influenced by the market and the economic environment and usually it needs distinct solutions for each market. Choosing the metric system is one of the most important factors (e. g. Japanese have small hands and feet whereas Europeans have larger hands and feet, producers need to take such facts into consideration). Even though in certain countries there are many similarities in the consumer’s preferences, there are significant differences regarding size and capacity of products (e. . regarding the European Union, there are big differences regarding the preferences in the acquisition of washing machines: Italians prefer washing machines with a capacity of 4 kg, British prefer washing machines with a capacity of 5 kg and German and Swedish prefer washing machines with a capacity of 6 kg) Another important element of the product decision making is represented by its shape. Regarding this, symbolism is a key factor in the product decision making. Symbols have their origin in traditions and rituals.If the symbolic attribute of a product is perceived as being negative, then the product must be changed (e. g. In the Middle East round or square shapes are accepted but six pointed stars are being avoided). The actual content of the product is also influenced by culture (e. g. Muslims don’t consume alcohol or pork therefore in Islamic cultures animal fat is replaced with vegetal fat ; if there is a large rate of illiteracy then products must be simplified). A product can have various utilizations on other markets by adapting the original product to local cultures (e. g. he American company Dunkin’s Donut was unsuccessful in Brazil because locals usually don’t have breakfast, therefore the company adapted its products to the markets needs). Another important feature of a product is the colors used. The colors used can be a distinctive element of the product (e. g. Rolls Royce uses shimmery silver in order to create a luxurious image; Pepsi Cola encountered problems when changing the colors of the wending machines, in South-East Asia, from dark blue to bright blue; in south east Asian countries bright blue can symbolize mourning or death).The products offered on a certain market must correspond with the legal, social and religious laws of the respective culture (e. g. In Japan, products that contain formaldehyde are strictly forbidden whereas in other countries they aren’t). The brand is influenced by the following cultural elements: language, aesthetics and cultural values. The brand’s name is influenced by the language of the country the brand is being marketed to. If the name of the brand isn’t translated appropriately, its meaning can have a negative connotation (e. g. the expression â€Å"no va† in Spanish means it doesn’t work whereas in Italian â€Å"nova† means new).The same word in a language can have a totally different meaning in another language. In countries with high nationalism level, one must use local brands in order to have access to the local market (e. g. Vietnam imposed that all brand names used are to be local names). The image of a country can vary regarding its cultural values (e. g. Germany is known for its car industry, SUA for fast-foods, cigarettes, chewing gum, Switzerland for chocolate or clocks, France for fashion and perfumes). In certain cultures, the image of the country is associated with high level of quality, seriousness and professionalism.The decisions regarding wrapping are decisions regarding packaging shape, structure, color and size (e. g. Americans and Japanese prefer canned beer whereas Europeans prefer bottled beer). Packaging size varies depending on market conditions and consumer buying patterns. In countries where people have a low income, goods are sold per piece and not in packages with more than one product. Regarding color, African countries prefer vivid colors although the color red is associated with witchcraft and death. The color white isn’t a preferred color in developed countries because of the possibility of confusion regarding generic products.Black is color that has been increasingly been used because it suggests quality, excellence and â€Å"class†. Material culture influences packaging decisions due to existing packaging technologies, materials available, infrastructure or the usage of tougher wrapping. The writing used on the tags of the product must be in the language of the country where the product is marketed especially if the tag contains important information for the consumer. Also the symbols used on tags and packaging usually have origins in the traditions and the culture of the country where the product is to be marketed (e. g. n India elephants, tigers and sparrows are used as a commercial brand for product tags). In countries where illiteracy is at a high level, tags must be created accordingly. After sale service and guarantees are established depending on the countries cultural values and material culture. In countries where people believe in fate, using after sale service and guarantees as a way of reducing risk associated with luck (Japan), is less efficient than in countries where people believe that the future can be controlled (Germany). Brand positioning is made depending on the cultural values of each society (e. g. n France Renault is underlining the pleasure of driving a car whereas in Germany, where the acquisitioning of a car is a serious matter, Renault highlights safety, modern technological features and comfort). II. 6. 2 Influence of culture on price strategy Pricing on an international scale is difficult. Traditional price consideration must be taken in account as well as competition, company objectives, fixed and variable costs, target group and willingness to pay. The company needs to consider transportation costs, any import taxes that may be put on their product, currency to be paid in and exchange rate fluctuation.Other factors that must be taken in consideration when considering price strategy include local incomes, the general economic situation of the respective country and how the economic situation influences pricing. Today internet is making pricing more and more transparent for the consumer because goods can be purchased online from any overseas company at local currency prices, a good example for this would be amazon or ebay which deliver internationally. There are certain aspects regarding pricing that can be influenced by culture such as: price-quality relationship, credit policy, price wars, price negotiations and price margins.Price-quality relationship can be interp reted differently in different cultural environments. Peterson and Jolibert identified a very powerful correlation between price and quality in France and the United States. In certain countries, the unethical behavior of certain organizations price is not always perceived as quality (e. g. Eastern Europe, countries from Latin America). Cultural values influences the way in which consumers perceive the price as an indicator of quality. Credit Policy is influenced in many countries by religion.In the Islamic world, usury is forbidden therefore using credit as a marketing instrument is replaced with cutting down prices in cash. In Eastern Europe, a small price concession made by an important person in the final stages of a negotiation may lead to closing a contract. In the United States, price concessions are offered on a limited period of time and they take a price margin in order to cover certain contract risks. The effects of the country of origin can influence the price decision.In a study made by Cattin and some collaborators, it is shown that managers associate manufactured products with the collocation â€Å"Made in†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . Higher prices can be used in the situation in which the image of the product is a positive one. Certain norms influence intermediate’s inclination towards price wars. Price wars can create economically devastating situations, that take an extraordinary toll on an individual, a company, and industry profitability (e. g. San Diego based PC maker Gateway versus competitors like Compaq Computers, Dell Computers, IBM, Hewlett-Packard, Sony or Toshiba).Establishing prices can be a pretext for negotiation. In the Islamic world, lack of bargaining is considered an insult. In Africa, negotiators that try to quicken the negotiation pace are looked at with suspicion, because rashness gives the impression of cheating. II. 6. 3 The influence of culture on distribution strategy The decisions regarding distribution channels cover domains such as distribution channel structure, distribution channel relationship management and sharing sales turf. Distribution channel structure is influenced by buying habits and material culture.In the United States Avon uses direct sales channels because this allows consumers to take decisions at home or at the work place. In other cultures like Asian or European, this method is an attempt to the consumer’s privacy. Internet represents another direct sales possibility. Sales on the internet aren’t very high because customers need to convey personal information when making the acquisition (in Germany only a third of the internet users shop online) . In Japan for example there are approximately five different types of wholesaler a product goes through before the product reaches the final consumer.It is important for the company to find out first whether the international market is dominated by major retailers or is it the retail sector made up of small independent retailers. Also it is important to find out whether internet could represent a possible distribution channel. A country’s infrastructure represents a big influences regarding distribution. The way and the number of whole sale traders, the existent warehouses, transportation systems, determine the selection of proper distribution channels. If local distribution facilities aren’t sufficient, the company will have to attain direct distribution or it ill have to use special wrapping for extra protection. Managing distribution channel relations is influenced by values, traditions, customs and education. Rosson and Ford show us that these relations are characterized by formalities, standardization, reciprocity, contact and conflict intensity; the quality of the relations is influenced by cultural distance. They say that cultural distance can be overcome by growing the intensity of contacts and reciprocity. People treat other in the same way they are treated by others.Japanese have a long term orientation that makes the quick change of intermediates difficult even if superior products or convenient prices are offered. Intermediate functions are influenced by cultural values and social organization. Wadinambiaratchi describes the distribution systems in 6 different cultures (Venezuela, Turkey, Egypt, Japan, India and tropical Africa) and shows that intermediate functions are influenced by cultural values and social organization. The behavior of the channel members can be determined by the feelings of pride they feel towards their own culture and local traditions. II. 6. The influence of culture on Promotion strategy Culture has the biggest impact on promotion policy, because culture is in the middle of all social interaction processes. Regarding the international product decisions, a company can either adapt or standardize their promotion strategy and message. Advertising in foreign countries may have to be adapted because of language barriers or the current message used in the national market may be offensive to consumers. The use of certain color may also need to be thought about. In India red is the color worn by brides in weddings, white is the color of mourning in Japan.The level of media development has to be taken in consideration as well. When it comes to promotion strategies, a company must take in consideration the following elements: to what extent the local television established in the host country, the level of television penetration, the control of the government on advertising on TV and radio, whether print media is more popular tha n television. Advertising environment can be influenced by material culture, which limits the available sustentation. In developed countries the entire media scope is available from TV to radio and press, cinema or advertising panels.Regarding developing countries some of these media channels might be missing such as press or television, especially in rural areas. In some countries, even though all the advertising channels exist, sometimes these channels aren’t available to use (in Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Finland, Swiss and Saudi Arabia, advertising through radio isn’t allowed. Also advertising by using television is prohibited in Norway, Denmark, Sweden and Saudi Arabia). The content of advertising is strongly influenced by material culture, language, religion, education, traditions, customs and norms.Material culture can restrain the advertisement’s content. Therefore, among the restriction imposed on the press and on the printed press we mention: editing differences, paper dimensions, size of posters, measurement scales, technical level of the printing machines, quality of printing and techniques used when printing. Colgate-Palmolive had to give up Eastern Europe when it came to prints because of bad paper quality. Language is one of the most important cultural obstacles when it comes to advertising. The most common problem is the misinterpretation and the mistranslation of the messages.Parker Pen used the literal translation of its slogan used in the Unites States for promoting its fountain pens in Latin America and it resulted in the misinterpretation of the message. Another example would be that of Bacardi which concocted a fruity drink with the name ‘Pavian’ to suggest French chic .. . but ‘Pavian’ means ‘baboon’ in German. Misinterpretations or mistakes can appear even though using the same language. For example Canadian French is different from the French used in France, or British English is different form American English. Religion plays a big role in the advert’s message.Some cultures are more religiously oriented than other. In the United States, Pepsi Cola’s Like a Prayer commercial featuring Madonna was banned because people were offended and because they confused the commercial with the song’s video clip. Most European countries didn’t feel offended because of the commercial and in Europe the commercial wasn’t banned. In many Islamic countries companies must take the fundamental Muslim concepts in consideration when doing a commercial. Amongst these concepts are human life supremacy (pet food commercial has less importance), high human values and sacred obligation towards parents.Education represents a big factor when it comes to influences on advertising. High illiteracy in many countries create serious communication problems and it demands more creativity and presence on audio advertising channels (radio, podcasts). Habits and preferences for certain advertising channels represent a big factor when deciding the main channels to use for communicating a message. Television is preferred in countries like Peru, Mexico, Venezuela. Prints are preferred in the following countries: Kuwait, Norway, Sweden. Radio is the main advertising channel used in countries like: Trinidad and Tobago, Nepal, Honduras.Open air advertisements are preferred in countries such as: Japan, Bolivia, South Korea. In India and Argentina where cinema is very popular, cinema commercials are used by companies. Cultural norms make a difference in the humor used in a commercial. What can be taken as humor in one culture, in another culture it can be offensive. In some countries like Great Britain, humor is often used in advertising, whereas in other countries like the United States or Canada, advertisements tend to be more serious. Tradition and habit based perceptions are difficult to overcome.In Japan commercials where a man and a woman take a shower together are rejected whereas in the United States it is accepted and isn’t considered a taboo. Advertising budget is influenced by material culture. In some countries limits regarding the expenses are imposed. In India for example, commercials that cost over 10,000 dollars aren’t allowed. Great Britain accused the companies Protecter Gamble Co and Unilever for creating a duopoly situation when the spent approximately ? of their incomes on advertising. Some countries perceive taxes on advertising. In Austria for example, radio commercials are taxed. The client agency relationship is influenced by the cultural values and by language. Some countries have restriction regarding an advertising agency’s property rights. Indonesia, Nigeria and Pakistan don’t allow foreign involvement. Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru allow a minor foreign involvement of maximum 19% regarding advertising agencies. Using local advertising agencies has some local specific advantages. These agencies know the local environment and can adapt the commercials to local demands also language barriers are easier to overcome. Regarding direct sales, these type of sales are influenced by culture especially regarding workforce, training of personnel, motivation and performance evaluation. Managing workforce is influenced by language, religion, education, norms, values and social organization. Overcoming language barrier is a difficult task of the international salesman. Business is definitely going to improve if the business man speaks the customer’s language. The image the working personnel has, can vary from a culture to another.In the United States for example, sales personnel project a positive image therefore, recruitment is made form universities. On the other hand, in Europe, in many countries it is very difficult to recruit sales personnel directly from universities because the occupation projects a negative image. When an occupation is seen in a negative way, the quality of workforce might decrease. Training business personnel is influenced by norms and cultural values. American cultural values that affect the training process are: competition, personnel achievement, self confidence and time.Japanese cultural values that affect the training process are: group harmony, achievement and importance of relationships. Islamic cultural values include: personal achievement, reputation and age. In the international environment no person is motivated by the same factors. The motivation process is directly linked to cultural values. In the American culture, competition, assuming risks, material possessions, self confidence and freedom represent motivational values. In the Japanese culture, group harmony, appearance and achievements are extremely important.Reputation, authority, and social status are motivational values in Islamic cultures. The evaluation process of performance depends on culture, because performance is assessed differently in every culture. Regarding the American evaluation process, open communication between manager and employee is emphasized. In Japan, group harmony and relationships are important cultural values that are taken in consideration during the evaluation process. Performances are evaluated regarding the group’s results. The Islamic performance evaluation model emphasizes authority and age. How to cite Influence of Culture in Marketing, Papers

Issues of the Music Industry free essay sample

An aspect of the industry that I think is most evident today is being able to play your favorite types of music through the Internet without a cost. Most people today use sites like Youth and Pandora to listen to a specific artist or genre of music with no fee. My question is: how does an artist and record label make money from no sale of their music? On one hand, however, the publicity as an artist and the label behind the artist is a huge gain through these websites. For example, an artist like Justine Bibber, who has almost 440 million views in total on the videos he posts on his Youth site, would not hesitate to say that the use of Internet broadcast made him the teen idol that he is today. On the other hand, there is no doubt that these music labels would need to monitor the copyrighted media in some way that the major companies could make revenue. We will write a custom essay sample on Issues of the Music Industry or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page If I was not shuffling my music on my Pod, I used to listen to my music through Youth with no commercial interruption. Sadly, with the velveteen of Vivo, a video hosting service that does not take an ownership stake on the copyright but makes revenue through advertisements, my music felt like it was always closely monitored under one company distributing the media. It was like television all over again where there would always be an advertisement before you could get to the good stuff. Ultimately, I understand now that the music companies need to sell their limited copyrights to companies like Vivo and Pandora in order to maximize publicity by appealing to the consumers needs.

The Changing Character of Creon In the Antigone Essay Example

The Changing Character of Creon In the Antigone Paper The chief agent is Creon; his is the character, his the faults and merits, which are immediately relevant to the play1. This comment from H.D.F Kitto is the reason for this study into Creons character in the Antigone of the two protagonists featured, I feel his development throughout the tragedy is the most interesting and compelling aspect of the play. We watch him change from an admired, strong ruler into a tyrant who possesses a severe lack of judgement and misguided conceptions of the world, and finally into a shattered, fallen man whose values have cost him dearly. The character of Creon is at fault for all that happens in the play his decisions drastically effect the lives of those around him. However, his difficult position must be remembered when analysing his actions he was king, and believed he was acting in the best interests of the city. Also, he is the one who fares the worst due to his actions, and is left to live with this pain. As is typical of Greek tragedy, there is no sitting and doing nothing2, so Creon had to act in some way, but his misjudgement caused him to act in a manner which caused suffering to all. Through this study I hope to come to a more thorough understanding of Creons character and consequently gain a deeper insight into the meaning of the play as a whole. We will write a custom essay sample on The Changing Character of Creon In the Antigone specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Changing Character of Creon In the Antigone specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Changing Character of Creon In the Antigone specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer First impressions of Creon are favourable. The chorus describe him as the new man for the new day3 (line 174) and in his opening speech he seems to do what is right for the country, deeming any who place a friend above the good of his own country as nothing (lines 203-4). But even here we have a hint of one of Creons problems his view of the city. Certainly a king should hold high concern for his domain, but we learn later that Creon sees human beings as tools in the productivity of civic well being4, as Martha Nussbaum describes. This critic believes Creon has reordered the values of the world to justify his actions, and this has resulted in his mental fusing of the city and the family. Nussbaum argues that Creon feels he will eliminate the problems of city- family conflict5 if the two become one. He goes so far as to deny familial ties which accounts for his attitude towards Antigones need to bury Polynices where they clash with civic interest. As Nussbaum states, he is attempting to replace blood ties by the bonds of civic friendship6. He sees the city as the supreme good, and all other values are functions of that good. He feels he has made a world into which tragedy cannot enter, but he is sadly mistaken, as is later proven. From this, we can see one of Creons main failings he is incapable of valuing city inhabitants for their intrinsic humanity rather than just their civic productivity. This is proven in his remark to Haemon regarding Antigone he tells his son to simply Spit her out, like a mortal enemy let the girl go (lines 728-9). He feels that because he sees her life as worthless, his son automatically will too he is denying the love his son holds for Antigone, and giving him no respect for having these feelings. Here we are also beginning to witness Creons lapse into tyranny he is prepared to murder Antigone in front of Haemon his own son simply to vent his anger. We had hints of his tyrannical side in his attitude towards the sentry he would have had him killed just for the purpose of punishing someone if the sentry had not found the real culprit. But the inhumanity towards his own flesh and blood is what clinches our opinion. Him bellowing The city is the kings thats the law! (line 825) at Haemon also presents an image of a somewhat power-crazed individual.  We are beginning to see how Creons lack of judgement affects his actions towards others. He lacks respect for the gods, which is shown by comments such as;  Youll never bury that body in the grave,  not even if Zeuss eagles rip the corpse  and wing their rotten pickings off to the throne of god! (lines 1151-1153)

JavaScript Execution Order Code and Guide

JavaScript Execution Order Code and Guide Designing your web page using JavaScript requires attention to the order in which your code appears and whether you are encapsulating code into functions or objects, all of which impact the order in which the code runs.   The Location of JavaScript on Your Web Page Since the JavaScript on your page executes based on certain factors, lets consider where and how to add JavaScript to a web page.   There are basically three locations into which we can attach JavaScript: Directly into the head of the pageDirectly into the body of the pageFrom an event handler/listener It doesnt make any difference whether the JavaScript is within the web page itself or in external files linked to the page. It also doesnt matter  whether the event handlers are hard-coded into the page or added by the JavaScript itself (except that they cant be triggered before they are added). Code Directly on the Page What does it mean to say that JavaScript is  directly in the head or body of the page?  If the code is not enclosed in a function or object, it is directly in the page. In this case, the code runs sequentially as soon as the file containing the code has loaded sufficiently for that code to be accessed. Code that is within a function or object is run only when that function or object is called. Basically, this means that any code inside the head and body of your page that is not inside a function or object will run as the page is loading  -   as soon as  the page has loaded sufficiently to access that code. That last bit is important and impacts the order in which you place your code on the page: any code placed directly in the page that needs to interact with elements within the page must appear after the elements in the page on which it is dependent. In general, this means that if you use direct code to interact with your page content, such code should be placed at the bottom of the body. Code Within Functions and Objects A code inside functions or objects is run whenever that function or object is called. If it is called from code that is directly in the head or body of the page, then its place in the execution order is effectively the point at which the function or object is called from the direct code. Code Assigned to Event Handlers and Listeners Assigning a function to an event handler or listener does not result in the function being run at the point at which it is assigned -   provided that you are actually assigning the function itself and not running the function and assigning the value returned. (This is why you generally do not see the () on the end of the function name when it is being assigned to an event since the addition of the parentheses runs the function and assigns the value returned rather than assigning the function itself.) Functions that are attached to event handlers and listeners run when the event that they are attached to is triggered. Most events are triggered by visitors interacting with your page. Some exceptions exist, however, such as the load event on the window itself, which is triggered when the page finishes loading. Functions Attached to Events on Page Elements Any functions attached to events on elements within the page itself will run according to the actions of each individual visitor - this  code runs only when a particular event occurs to trigger it. For this reason, it doesnt  matter if the code never runs for a given visitor, since that visitor has obviously not performed the interaction that requires it. All of this, of course, assumes that your visitor has accessed your page with a browser that has JavaScript enabled. Customized Visitor User Scripts Some users have installed special scripts that may  interact with your web page. These scripts run after all of your direct code, but before any  code attached to the load event handler. Since your page knows nothing about these user scripts, you have no way of knowing what these external scripts might do  -   Ã‚  they  could override any or all of the code that you have attached to the various events to which you have assigned processing. If this code overrides  event handlers or listeners, the response to event triggers will run the code defined by the user instead of, or in addition to, your code. The take home point here is that you cannot assume that code designed to run after the page has loaded will be allowed to run the way that you designed it. In addition, be aware that some browsers have options that allow disabling of some event handlers within the browser, in which case a relevant event trigger will not launch the corresponding event handler/listener in your code.

To what extent does digital media encourage antistatic behaviour again Coursework

To what extent does digital media encourage antistatic behaviour again the government - Coursework Example Its usage is not just limited to one part of the world, rather it has seen its usage in parts of the world where there was discontent and dismay felt against the ruling elites. The social media has become an emblem of free expression and the people’s voice. While the other mediums such as the television, radio, and newspaper and publishing is often subjected to the censorship of the governments in the different parts of the world, the social media has seen been able to bring about the like minded people to the platform. This paper looks into the overall role of social media and the modern digital technology that has enabled the people to mobilize. The cases that are to be taken include the examples of Arab Spring, the recently held agitation and dismay against Turkish government, the role of social media in Iran, YouTube ban in number of countries, namely North Korea, China and Pakistan. All these will be looked into with regard to their effectiveness and overall influence on the people’s mind. Governments have often taken actions to ban such activities subject to the internal unrest and policies which they feel should be prolonged. The citizens on the other hand take them for oppressive measures and thereby in revolt make use of all the means that are available to them. Turkey saw severe uprising by the citizens in the recent times. Since they were directed towards the government policies and opposition against it, this in turn led to the resentment amongst the government ranks and they prevented the news of the protestors from reaching the international platforms, and also on the local television channels. Twitter came up to the rescue of the protestors and it was used as the standout platform for the protestors who used it as a platform to not reach out to the fellow members in the different parts of the country, they also allowed the protestors to spread the world abroad on international

Thierrys enthusiasm Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Thierrys enthusiasm - Essay Example When you watch documentary film, you may be amazed, thrilled, disappointed or upset with it, but the most fascinating thing is to realize that all your emotions are based on a real story without any exaggerations or embellishments. Each documentary movie reaches, educates and compels you to think about not only the main character’s deeds, but also about your own personality, life and future.One of the didactic movies is â€Å"Exit through the Gift Shop† by Jaimie D’Cruz. In the center of the plot, there is Thierry Guetta, ordinary Frenchman, who moved to Los Angeles in 1990s. When he was eleven years old, his mother died and the boy was taken away to live with his relatives. Later on, he grew up, got married, raised two beautiful daughters and started to earn money by selling old clothes for extremely high prices. From the first sight, there is nothing special in Thierry’s life. But when you get to know this guy better, his little passion reveals itself. N o matter what Thierry does or where he goes, there is always a video camera. â€Å"The moment it came in my hand, I could not let it go. It was obsession†, Thierry says (Exit through the Gift Shop). Since that time Thierry never gets apart with a camera, trying to capture different moments of life to make them live forever. Though he never watches the tapes, which he makes, he continues to collect them in boxes in his house as the biggest memory of crucial events. As Thierry’s the greatest liking keeps on growing, his attention catches absolutely new object of filming – street art. ... In spite of the fact that many other young artists refuse to allow Thierry to tape their masterpieces, he finds variable ways to hear consent. Thierry gets amazed by all these people and takes so great interest in taping street art that occasionally he receives warnings from police. He comprehends a danger of his hobby, but for Thierry it is all another challenge, which makes him feel good. With a camera in his hand Thierry takes part in art creation, climbing with Banksy on the roofs of the houses or going to Disneyland to tape his friend’s inventions. Several years later, after not quite successful film â€Å"Life Remote Control†, which Thierry makes out of tremendous number of his video tapes, he decides to switch from taping street art to creating the art per se. With a solid goal to make a grand show named â€Å"Life is beautiful† Mister Brainwasher, as Thierry calls himself, puts all his money in a new dream. He hires a lot of builders, sculptors, designers , promoters, whose main task is to implement Thierry’s ideas into reality. The work starts in a full swing and even an accident with Thierry’s broken leg does not slow down the pace. A couple of last weeks of preparations are extremely intense for the whole crew. At last the opening day comes and over four thousand people attend the exhibition. By the end of the first week pieces of art with a total cost near one million dollars are rapidly sold. Famous Madonna asks Thierry to make a cover for her Greatest Hits Collection. Abruptly Mister Brainwasher is sensationally accepted by the audience. Analyzing this documentary movie, a viewer can easily study the whole process of dream realization from the very

The effectiveness of leadership in organisations

The effectiveness of leadership in organisations Effective SUCCESS, LEADERSHIP and COMMUNICATION is essential for an organisation to function efficient and reach their target goals.Organistion is made up of many system that may affect and influence each other such as polices, individual actions, existing methods and external constraints Success in an organisation depends on individual and how members work in close coordination and harmony. So, in an organisation a clear success, leadership and communication strategies should be satisfying to enhance the participants skill level, productivity, and time management. Leadership development for public sector managers has developed in the past two decades, across the united king and global organisation. (Pederson Hartley, 2008). Managers capability to influence organisation participant through leadership will assist to decide the extent both them as a whole achieve their goal (Hicks gullet, 1981). The most important aspects of leadership are mission, passion, vision, leader, compassion , inspiration, motivation and commitment. A good leader in an organisation should know when a given function is necessary (Adair, 2009). Effective Communication helps to show performance feedback, influencing others, handle peoples angry and to meet up with emotional undercurrents of conservations in an organisation. Communicating to an angry individual is major problem of firms and managers face in an organisation. (Gordon, 2004) However, this critical review discussed the management of theories of success, leadership and communication in an organisation. Furthermore, illustrates the critical review of Alan Sugars opinions of success, leadership, communication in an organisation. It also helps to illustrate better methods to handle success, leadership, and communication in an organisation and management aspect. MANAGEMENT THEORIES: SUCCESS, LEADERSHIP AND COMMUNCATION 1: SUCCESS: From organisation point of view success can be analysis in four keys to success: Theory, Implementation, Evaluation, Resource/System support. These four keys of success can help give details why policies and programs may or may not accomplish the proposed results in an organisation. Theory: This is essential in order to know how to handle problem in an organisation (Anderson, 2005).According to Anderson, A Theory of Change (TOC) is an instrument to enable develop solution to complex social problems in an organisation. The TOC give details how group of early and intermediate articulates system which will occur and identifies the ways connected to achieving the desired long-term change in organisation. Also Theory of failure arises when a program depend on an invalid theory of operation and when the strategy fail to meet up the organisation certain goal. (Wandersman et al., 2005) IMPLEMENTATION: Accord to (Fixsen et al., 2005 P.5) is known as specified set of designed to put into practice an activity or program of known dimensions. Through implementation system are purposeful and implemented activity helps self-governing team to detect its presence and strength in an organisation. The value of implementation is essential accomplishing good success result.(Durlak and Dupre 2008).Also implementation failure of success is due to lack of inadequate training, inexperienced personnel and lack of recourses.(Dalton et al., 2007) EVALUATION: According to (Rossi et al 2004) describes evaluation as social science activity deals to interpreting, analyzing and communicating information with regards to workings and effectiveness programmes of success in organisation. Through evaluation decisions can carryout to enable continuity, expanding and improvement lead to success. Evaluation helps for effective management, administration and accountability in an organisation. Also Evaluation failure of success it is difficult to measure sensitive change and real effect due to poor designed and poor comparison group.(Wanderman et al., 2005). RESOURCE/SYSTEM SUPPORT: Modernization in organisation involves system support. However, quality host is essential to implement programme and strategy. System support deals with technical assistance and training that lead to success in organisation. Resources deals with successfully implementation of technical resources, fiscal resources, and human resources.(Wanderman et al.,2000). Also, System failure of success is due to absence of institutional support for an involvement while resources failure is due to insufficient facilities, lack of fund and lack of human resources to implement quality policy in organisation.(Sarason, 1982) LEADERSHIP THEORIES: Leadership is one the most essential aspect of management work and important for effective management in an organisation. Also leaders and managers helps people to reach their aims with the maximum application of its potential.(Dixon, 1991, p60-61) Leaders in an organisation are faced with certain challenges in leadership styles and managerial skills. Leadership is feature can be develop and practice. According to (Hicks gullet 1981) all theory of leadership is not certainly as correct but it is obvious that contingency theories are the mainly capable. Leadership is about mission and vision of leaders. Different theories of leadership are: GREAT MEN THEORY OF LEADERSHIP: This is the early stage theory of 19th century by Thomas Carlyle a Scottish. The theory is based on the legendary leaders have to born not made. The theory describes leaders as gallant and they were born with leadership qualities. Also the theory based that great leaders can arise when there is tremendous need. (Bolden et al., 2003). CONTINGENCY THEORY OF LEADERSHIP: Fiedlers Contingency model presumes that individual performance depends on the technique of leadership in terms of task motivation and relationship motivation. (Fiedler 1964).Among all the theories, contingency theory is the only theory that centred its concept on particular variable related to the environment and has significant meaning. Also the theory focuses on situational variables that forecast effective leadership style to fit special problem in an organisation. (Bolden et al., 2003). DEMOCRATIC THEORY LEADERSHIP: This is the type of leadership that incorporate the members of the organisation in decision making and as well suggestion. This type leadership tend to encourage members dedication to the decisions and enhance the quality of decision in an organisation (Hicks gullet 1981) TRANSFORMATIONAL THEORY OF LEADERSHIP: This theory focuses on the relationship between the leader and followers and may also change leader in the moral agent. In this leadership style, the follower and the leader are changed for the better. This motivates and encourage individuals and help the group to perform accurate when is used by the leaders. Transformational leadership is not based simply on power or authority, even though disagreement and power has a role to play in the dynamics of leadership (Burns, 1978). SITUATIONAL THEORY OF LEADERSHIP: This is system where management chose a particular leadership that match a particular situation in an organisation.(Hersey Blanchard 1988)situational leadership recommend that leaders should change their styles of leadership based the maturity of the individual they are leading and aspects of task. The theory is more prescriptive and deals with intuitive appeal. (As cited by Shackleton, 1995) COMMUNICATION THEORIES: Communication theory is sample process that should work easily and efficiently and required to formulate the message clearly; using correct medium that will provide easy feedback the information (chlson et al., 2005 p207).Communication is very essential element of management. Exclusive of communication managers possibly will not accomplish their various tasks in an organisation. Communication deals with an exchange of information system and ideas in an organisation with the environment. Successful communication inside firms is very necessary and helps to connect other parts of management process. Through communications managers can carry out their other roles of controlling, planning and organizing (Dixon, 1991p84-88). Anita cited (project management institute standards committee,1996 ,p103) stated that project communication management deals with the procedure to ensure timely, storage , collection, dissemination, and crucial deposition of project information. Under the theory of communication there is intrapersonal and interpersonal communication. According to (Dainton Zelley, 2005) describes intrapersonal communication as communication within ones self, it deals with how individuals analyze others attitudes, behaviour and messages to assign meaning to a given event. (Millar 1978) defined interpersonal communication, as communication between two individuals when they are close in proximity, able to achieve immediate feedback and utilize multiple senses cited by (Dainton Zelley, 2005) UNCERTAINTY REDUCTION THEORY OF COMMUNICATION: According to (Dainton Zelley, 2005) cited Berger and Calabrese stated that uncertainty reduction theory explain and predict when, why and how individual use communication to minimize their doubts when interacting with one another. This is guided by three principles that states that (a) retain that the primary goal of communication is to minimize uncertainties that individuals have about the world and habitants (b) the suggest that individuals acknowledge uncertainty constantly and the acknowledge of uncertainty is an unpleasant one.(c) recommend communication as the primary medium for reducing uncertainty. This type of communication belongs to intrapersonal communication. EXPECTANCY VIOLATION THEORY: According to (Dainton Zelley, 2005) cited Burgoon stated that expectancy violation theory describes individuals attribute to the violation of personal space and also nonverbal of violations of physical space. Expectancy deals with people anticipation of what will happen on particular situation and based on idea of social norms. This type of communication theory belongs to intrapersonal communication. POLITENESS THEORY OF COMMUNICATION: According to (Dainton zelley, 2005) cited Brown and Levinson stated that politeness theory simplifies how we manage our own and other individuals identities through interaction, by applying politeness strategies. This theory determines WHY, WHEN and how interpersonal interaction is constructed through or from absence of politeness. This type of communication belongs to interpersonal communication. SOCIAL EXCHANGE THEORY OF COMMUNICATION: According to (Dainton zelley, 2005) describes this theory as a broad approach used to explain and predict relationship maintenance in an organisation. This theory is invented by Thibaut Kelly 1959.Social Exchange Theory simplifies when and why individuals constant develop some personal relationships while ending others. With regards to the name of theory suggests, an exchange approach to social relationships is much like an economy based on the comparison of costs and rewards. This theory belongs to interpersonal theory of communication. SOCIAL PENETRATION THEORY OF COMMUNICATION: According to (Stolar, 2002) describes the theory as communication process of achieving greater degrees of closeness or intimacy with another individual. This theory increases understanding of why and how some relationships become close and other relationships do not. This theory was invented by Irwin Altman and Dalmas Taylor in 1973.This is very significance theory to research on because it gives details why people form the intimate relationships that the do and why and how this process occurs over time. This theory belongs to interpersonal communication theory. RELATIONAL DIALECTICS THEORY OF COMMUNICATION: According to (Montgomery Baxter 1996) describes relational dialectics theory as pattern of thinking about human relationships that is highly influenced by dialogic thinking. From the point of view of relational dialectics theory, a social life exists in and through peoples communicative practices, by which individual gives voice to multiple opposing tendencies.(baxter Montgomery 1996). This belongs to interpersonal communication theory. 1: (a) CRITICAL REVIEW ON ALAN SUGARS OPINIONS ON SUCCESS From Sir Alan Sugar, secrets of success he reviews success as a keep on going process and the understanding towards your weaknesses and strengths, rather than being defensive about them. Also he said, the love of what you are doing is the key to success and recommends persistence in learning what you do, even when the going is tough. He acknowledged hard work and hunger as essential to success. Also focuses on flexibility and persistence as key to success. Finally, he mentioned willingness to learn, stamina, self-belief and enthusiasm as way of achieving his success in organisation. From my own point of view, in term of flexibility in business, during early days he engaged in many businesses such as making ginger beer, selling to neighbours and business of under developed camera films, selling to school friends. He was the chairman of the Computer Company and major in Tottenham Hotspur Football club. According to (Upton, 1994) flexibility is the capability to change or react with sma ll penalty in time, performance or effort cost. Besides that, (Mensah, 1989) describes flexibility as capability to respond and adapt to changing business condition within and outside organisation. So Sir Alan sugar was the founder Amstrad that stand as Alan Michael trading and later grown to international consumer electronics, telecommunications and Computer Empire. He pointed out rigid approach as a problem to business and recommend flexibility as the best with regards to workplace success. Furthermore, hard work and hunger was the key to secrets of success of Sir Alan because he refuse to give up, no matter how hard things are. From my understanding, dedication and perseverance are very essential to organisation. Most the successful business men have internal locus of control and hard work and ideas. Then, he commented on willingness to learn, this deals with effort and desire toward your goal. Based on his view on enthusiasm, according to (Koch,1994) stated that the most success ful individuals in business are not the most intelligent and success is all about determination, motivated and enthusiastic for cause. So enthusiasm is linked to his success. Finally, He also illustrated self -belief and stamina as essential to success. CRITICAL REVIEW ON ALAN SUGARS OPINIONS ON LEADERSHIP: This critical review shows Sir Alan Sugar ideology of leadership and shows the strengths and weaknesses. Sir Alan describes leader as they tend born not made up and also describes leadership as having personality and charisma qualities. Besides that, for effective leadership you need to be disciplined in self -management and you have to motivate others. However, the ability to delegation in workplace and have the qualities of inspiration. From my understanding, I disagree with Sir Alan and Thomas (founder of Great man theory of leadership) that said leaders are born not made. According to (Adair, 2009) quoted, Field Marshal Lord Slim There is no nobody who cannot improve their powers of leadership by a little thought and practice. The effective level of functioning and stability can change individuals to be a leader. Also (Adair,2009) quoted, that Field Marshal Montgomery, the other ,great British born leader, was equally convinced that leadership could be developed. According to Ada ir, a young lieutenant said that, by training he increased his morale and powers to leader his platoon, and later his company. However, I believe that leadership can be developed by training and also some individual have instincts and qualities of leadership than others. From Sir Alan Sugar critical review he said, that he is great believer in making sure everyone knows what is going on and credit is given when it is due. Judging from above he applied democratic theory of leadership in his management where the employees are involves in decision making and as well suggestion. According to (Hicks Gullet 1981) stated that democratic leadership tend to encourage members dedication to the decisions and enhance the quality of decision in an organisation. (Wilcken, 2010) cited (stone Patterson, 2005) transformational leadership theory deals with progress and development and suggest individual to work together to create greater development of the organisation. Furthermore, Sir Alan acknowl edged delegation and motivation as essential to his leadership style. To be good a leader, is vital to delegate your plan properly and motivate your staffs. According to (Fiedler, 1964) Contingency theory presumes that individual performance depends on the technique of leadership in terms of task motivation and relationship motivation. Dixon (1993) cited Adair, stated that, there are variables in any work situation such as task needs, group needs and individual needs. Obviously Sir Alan Sugar exercises his task needs and group needs efficiently to achieve his business dream. According to (Dixon,1993) delegation is the heart of management process. During Sir Alan days in the company, transport section is taking most of his time; he decided to delegate it to another individual with regards to tackle most important elements. Finally, according to (Shackleton,1995) stated that charisma is essential but not sufficient component of transformational leadership. Most people like, movie star s are charismatic but have no to transformational effects on majority of follower CRITICAL REVIEW ON ALAN SUGARS OPINIONS ON COMMUNCATION: According to Sir Alan sugar point view on communication, he describes communication essential to good leader in a workplace. He further, describes communication to be concise, precise and to the point. Besides that, he focus on facial expression and body language when pass communication. He also commented on, feedback and negotiation skills during communication. Besides through the use of e-mails Sir Alan was able to communicate his staffs. Furthermore, observed persistence and self-belief and power of silence in negotiation during communication. According to Sir Alan Sugar, to communicate well is central well if you are to be a good leader and rise to the in the organisation. This means you must be able to communicate efficiently and quickly in an organisation. (Wilcken, 2010)cited David Collinson that stated relational dialectics theory of communication , as dialectical perspective can facilitate new way of thinking about complex, shifting dynamics of leadership (p1422).However, Si r Alan said ,message need to be concise , precise at the point and this applicable using e-mail to transmit information for businesses. Based on this point, according to (Green, 2006) recent public relations communication practice focuses solely information like features, facts, brief, details to the subject and information content in your message should play a supporting role in your message, and the sum of the message. From above, uncertainty reduction theory of communication deals with when, why, and how individual use communication to minimize their doubts when interacting with one another (Dainton Zelley, 2005) cited Berger and Calabrese. According to Alan sugar, is essential to be watchful of your facial expression and body languages during getting the message across. However, the word communication from Latin point of view communicare means to share together. So communication challenge begins with knowing your audience needs and also you need be receptive and sensitive to ot her individuals body language. Also you to be conscious of signals and actions during transmitting message to audience. According to (Green, 2006) as cited Albert mehrabian (1972) stated the 52 per cent of information about individual from body language, while 35 per cent from their tone of voice and only 7 per cent from the words they use. Beside, in term of feedback, communication transactions are between equals and non equals, so is necessary to take of relative status of partners in the relationship and impacts on the communication (Green, 2006).so, feedback played a good role to Sir Alan management system. Then, negotiation skill is necessary, through this method Sir Alan was able to overcome problems his company and everyday life. CONCLUSION: However, good management depends upon good communication and leadership in an organisation. So, many barriers prevent good communication such as lack of clarity in message, the different background of people and lack of openness to information and suggestions. The communicator should be aware of all these barriers and implication of actions. According to (chelsom et al, 2005 p204) describes communication as critical interaction of individuals to group of people undertaking a variety of activities and most particularly to trying to coordinate their work towards a common objective. Besides, many the leadership theories concentrate almost exclusively upon the leader and follower relationship and give little attention to lateral and upward directed interaction. A quality leadership is one the most essential factors on determining the success and survival of groups and organisations. Leadership is about recognizing a goal and being to influence and motivate individual towards attaining it . Finally, to facilitate success in an organisation, there is need to select numbers potential early successes and work on them to determine the future success. REFERENCE/ BIBLIOGRAPHY Adair J.(2009) Effective leadership .London, Pan MacMillan Ltd. Burns, J. M. (1978), Leadership, Harper and Row, New York, NY,. Bolden, R., Gosling, J., Marturano, A. and Dennison, P.(2003). A review of leadership theory and competency framework.UK Chelsom.J., Payne A., Reavil L.(2005) Management for Engineers, Scientist and Technologists: 2nd ed, England; John Wily Sons Dalton, J., Elias, M., Wandersman, A. (2007).Community psychology: Linking individuals and communities (2nd ed.).Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. Daiton M. Zalley E.(2005 ) Applying Communication Theory For Professional Life. USA, Sage Publication Dixon R. (1991) Management Theory and Practice. England. Calys Ltd (p84-88) Durlak, J. A., DuPre, E. P.(2008). Implementation matters: A review of research on the influence of implementation on program outcomes and the factors affecting implementation. American Journal of Community Psychology, 41, 689-708 Fiedler,F. E. (1964), A Contingency Model of Leadership Effectiveness, in Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, edited, pp. 149-190, New York. Academic Press. Fixsen, D. L., Naoom, S. F., Blase, K. A., Friedman, R. M., Wallace, F. (2005). Implementation research: A synthesis of the literature. Tampa, FL: University of South Florida, Louis de la Parte Florida Mental Health Institute, The National Implementation Research Network. Gordon J. (2004) successful communication skill-building tool.USA, john Wiley sons,Inc p85-86 Green A. (2006) Effective Personal Communication Skills for Public Relations, Britain USA, Kogan page Hicks G. Gullett, C.(1981). Management. 4th ed. Singapore: McGraw -Hill,Inc. p477-500. Koch R.(1994) The Successful Bosss First 100 days. Britain, Pitman publishing Montgomery, B. Baxter,L. (1996). Relating:Dialogues in dialectics. New York: Guilford. Mensah, K.E. (1989), Evaluating information systems projects: a perspective on cost-benefit analysis, Information Systems, Vol. 14 No. 3, pp. 205-17.Available From: [ Accessed 24 November 2010] Rossi, P. , Lipsey, M. , Freeman, H. E. (2004). Evaluation: A systematic approach (7th ed.), Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Sarason, S. B.(1982).The culture of the school and the problem of change. Boston: Allyn and Bacon Shackleton V. (1995). Business leadership, London, Routledge. Stolar D. (2002)Social Penetration Theory. Upton, D. (1994), The management of manufacturing flexibility, California Management Review, Vol. 36 No. 2, pp. 72-89.Available From: [ Accessed 24 November 2010] Wandersman, A., Goodman, R. M., Butterfoss, F. D. (2005a). Understanding Coalitions and How They Operate. In M. Minkler(Ed.), Community organizing and community building for health(2nd ed., pp. 292-313). New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. Wandersman, A., Imm, P., Chinman, M., Kaftarian, S. (2000). Getting to outcomes: A results-based approach to accountability. Evaluation and program planning, 23, 389-395. Project Management Institute Standards Committee., (1996). A guide to the project management body of knowledge (1996 ed.). North Carolina: PMI Publishing Division. Pederson, D. and Hartley, J. (2008), The changing context for public leadership and management: implications for role and dynamics, International Journal of Public Sector Management, Vol. 21 No. 4, pp. 327-39.